COULOMB’S LAW:

Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

 

                               F=(Kq1q2) / r^2

 

Where k  is the coulomb’s constant which is equal to8.9875517873681764×109 N·m2/C2 .

 

 OHM’S LAW:

           Ohm's law states that at constant temperature the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. 

                                       I=V/R where R is the constant of proportionality called resistance.

  

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW   :                   

At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node

                                     

                                        i1+i2=i3+i4

    

 

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero, or more simply, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop

 

 

FLEMING’s LEFT HAND RULE:

When current flows in a conductor, and an external magnetic field is applied across that flow, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular both to that field and to the direction of the current flow. We can determine the direction of force, current and magnetic field by using Fleming’s left hand rule.

Fleming’s left hand rule is mainly applicable for motor.

 

·         The Thumb represents the direction of  force on the conductor

·         The First finger represents the direction of the magnetic Field

·         The Second finger represents the direction of the Current.

 

 

FLEMING’s RIGHT HAND RULE:

Fleming's right hand rule is applicable for electrical generators. Whenever a conductor is moved in an electromagnetic field, and closed path is provided to the conductor, current gets induced in it.  According to Fleming's right hand rule, the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of right hand are stretched perpendicular to each other at right.

           1.The thumb represents the direction of the motion of conductor.

             2. The fore-finger represents direction of the magnetic field.

               3. Then the middle finger represents direction of the induced current.

 

FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION:

                                 Faraday’s law of induction explains how magnetic field interacts with the electric field to produce an electromotive force.

 It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.

 

FARADAY’S FIRST LAW:

        Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states that whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an emf is induced in it called induced emf and if the circuit is a closed circuit then the current also gets induced called induced current.

 

 

FARADAY’S SECOND LAW:

                     Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced emf  is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages where the flux linkages is the product of turns n of the coil and flux associated with it.

Generally faraday’s laws is written as,

                                                                    

Where the negative sign indicates that the induced current is in a direction which opposes the change producing it.

 

                                                                                                                                     

 

 

LENZ’S LAW:

Lenz's law states that when an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, it produces an induced current.

If an induced current flows, its direction is always such that it will oppose the change which produced it.

Lenz's law is shown with the negative sign in faraday’s law of induction,

                                                                           

LORENTZ FORCE:

        In an electromagnetism, the Lorentz force is the combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields.

 

If a particle of charge q moves with velocity v in the presence of an electric field E and a magnetic field B, then it will experience a force